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Using an encrypted HTTPS connection for the entire web session is one of the countermeasures for protecting the session ID exchange from eavesdropping. Which of the following attacks attempts to bypass HTTPS?
HTTP Request Smuggling
HTTP Response Splitting
BEAST
URL hijacking
BEAST is short for Browser Exploit Against SSL/TLS. This vulnerability is an attack against the confidentiality of a HTTPS connection in a negligible amount of time [1]. That is, it provides a way to extract the unencrypted plaintext from an encrypted session. A BEAST attack is possible because TLS 1.0 and earlier protocols suffer from a serious flaw: the Initialization Vector (IV) blocks that are used to mask data (plaintext) prior to encryption with a block cipher can be predicted by an active man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacker. IVs are used to prevent encryption from being deterministic; without them, every time you encrypt the same block of data with the same key, you get the same (encrypted) output. This is highly undesirable. A clever attacker who can 1) predict IVs, 2) see what encrypted data looks like, and 3) influence what is encrypted, is then able to make guesses about what plaintext looks like. Technically, he cannot decrypt any data, but he can find out if his guesses are right or wrong. With enough guesses, any amount of data can be uncovered. EDIT 10-April-2017: Changed "we session" to "web session".
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