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An example of a Horizontal Privilege escalation is:
A hacker uses a rootkit on a system
An attacker creates an administrative account for themselves by exploiting a buffer overflow to gain access.
A user can access other peoples messages via a website by altering their URL after logging in with valid credentials.
An organization get SMURFed
Horizontal implies that a level of access is equivalent to an existing level of access. So altering a URL to gain access to someone else's email would be an example of horizontal privilege escalation. The user has the same level of access to a different section of data using their own credentials.
A rootkit is used to gain higher privileges and repeated access. A buffer overflow to gain access would be a vertical escalation. a Smurf attack is simply a Denial of Service attack.
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